Second Great Awakening Essays

Second Great Awakening Essays Second Great Awakening Essay Second Great Awakening Essay greetings chi associates the Second Great Awakening to the American Civil War. The last fundamental change ins matched constantly Great Awakening was the Womens Rights development. Womens paretic pupation in the restorations and the recently examined changes, in the end prompted a change Of the Eire own. During the Second Great Awakening ladies investment dwarfed mens two t o one. Finned and different evangelist talked about strengthening and how one was in charge of t beneficiary own body and fate. Ladies thus were urged to partake in the public arena. HTH is likewise the consequence of the social activism the Second Great Awakening caused. Both the Am Rican Temperance Society, 33% to one half ladies, and the American Initials ere Society used generous ladies cooperation. Ladies, for example, Angelina and Sarah Grime addressed people the same all over New England about the cancelation cause in 1 837 , and when they were scrutinized for their sexual orientation, they reacted by making two basic word KS of woman's rights. These works were to clarify the sisters want for equivalent rights and are called Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes and Letters to Catherine E. Beechen. Ladies became to turn out to be progressively discontent absence of rights regardless of their investment in their locale, energized constantly Great Awakening, This development t brought about the Seneca Falls Convention, the primary show held concerning womens rights, in New York and set the journey for lady testimonial that went on until 1 920 when the objective WA s achieved. Ladies owe a lot of their prosperity to the Second Great Awakening. On a political subject, the Second Great Awakening encouraged Americas soups craft Of Democracy. Since Finned drearily and absolutely settled that mankind y is in charge of he world and not a celestial force.

What is the Role of ther Journalist Essay Example

What is the Role of ther Journalist? Article This paper will talk about the inquiry what is the job of a writer? Right off the bat, it will show that Britain has a free press and endeavor to clarify what free press implies. It will at that point attempt to recognize the various kinds of columnist basic in the media today, with center around print news-casting. Furthermore, it will contend that it is crucial that all writers comply with an expert and moral code of conduct. Britain has a free press. There is no blue pencil and no authorizing, and anybody can distribute a paper gave the person doesn't violate the law in doing as such. (Hogson, 1994, p.153). English press is private; the Government has no power over distribution, nor is it permitted to claim any offers in press organizations and no helper is conceded. Nonetheless, British press receives exception from the installment of VAT. The press is permitted full access to Parliament, and Governmental tasks are remarked on day by day in news reports. England be that as it may, has no composed constitution and opportunity of the press exists here by accord just (Belsley Chadwick, 2006). News coverage in 2007, covers an a lot more extensive range than any time in recent memory, the progressions of the Internet, satellite and digital TV and cell phone innovation has made news perpetually open and its givers more diverse.(Allan, 2005). Numerous papers have their own online releases, TV channels communicate news twenty-four hours per day and news updates can be acquired by means of instant message through cell phones (Harcup, 2004). All the data is continually refreshed and it isn't just writers who gracefully it, without a doubt individuals from the open contact the media legitimately with breaking news and observer accounts (bbc.co.uk). We will compose a custom article test on What is the Role of ther Journalist? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on What is the Role of ther Journalist? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on What is the Role of ther Journalist? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Paper writers come in numerous appearances; it utilizes staff columnists whom are depended upon to give the paper its fundamental news content. They are normally broad columnists, who the manager of the paper allocates stories to cover and are commonly required to research as well as check realities (Harris Spark, 1996). Once advised, it is their obligation to guarantee that every one of their realities are exact, which is finished utilizing reference books, chronicles and paper cuttings documents or by calling applicable sources. They are likewise responsible for guaranteeing that spellings of names, places and the titles of notable individuals are right, which incorporates checking topographical and business data and foundations of individuals; also any data that they have found from references in past reports they have utilized. (Fleming et al, 2006) A paper isn't involved distinctly of reports; it likewise incorporates assessment pages and tattle segments. On the assessment pages, essayists are permitted (by the manager) to build up their own style and are a statement of the perspectives and assessments of that author. Actuality checking and responsibility isn't as significant here, despite the fact that the peruser must be made mindful this is assessment and not certainty. Sentiment pages regularly air questionable perspectives of current reports, ideally reassuring response from perusers, without a doubt an editorialists achievement can be estimated by the quantity of letters they get (Hogson, 1994). Tattle writers work along these lines, however center around the celebrated and notorious current in the news and are commonly found in newspaper papers, instead of broadsheets. Furthermore there are frequently way of life segments, offering assistance, counsel and forward-thinking data on an assortment of issues, including diet, wellbeing and wellness, embellishing and home improvement thoughts. Most papers remember money related and business news for a different area of the paper, not generally every day. Game is accounted for on day by day and as a rule fills the last pages, albeit national games regularly show up on their front pages and numerous a newspaper highlights brandishing outrages on its spread. In an ongoing article in The Observer, journalist Peter Preston remarks on reports that paper course is in decrease and the general population is currently utilizing different sources to get news. He contends in any case, utilizing cites from Carolyn McCall, the CEO of The Guardian bunch that it is the sensationalist newspapers, for example, The Mirror, The People and The News of the World who are losing their readership. He guarantees that quality papers including the onlooker, The Telegraph and The Times have scarcely had a move available for use figures over the most recent thirty years. I would recommend that these figures could maybe mirror the occasionally enormous errors that these papers have made in their announcing. As referenced by Stuart Allen (2005), who starts his book with the account of The Mirrors botch in printing pictures of Iraqi detainees of war, which were later demonstrated to be fakes. He asserts that if appropriate sourcing were attempted, the paper would have revealed the deception before distributing. Stories like this one subvert societys confidence in the columnist. Hence, Tony Harcups (2007) recommendation that the most significant job of a writer is to report reality, could be principal to the eventual fate of newsprint. Harcup begins his clarification with a reference to a story from a 1963 American paper, which was the motivation for a tune by Bob Dylan. Harcup recounts to the tale of Hattie Carroll, a dark server, who was killed by well off white rancher, William Zantzinger. He clarifies that the story began locally, yet became national news when Zantzinger got just a multi month jail sentence; which was likewise conceded to permit him an opportunity to cultivate his harvests. Harcup clarifies that Dylan composed the melody The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll, with the case that it was a genuine story. Dylan, similar to a ton of columnists, discovered he blamed for controlling reality. Nonetheless, in contrast to a columnist, Harcup composes that as an artist, Dylan was conceded aesthetic permit:

Orientation Week is almost over COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Orientation Week is almost over COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Class of 2015 is half way through their first week on campus at SIPA.   They have met with Dean Janow and other members of the SIPA community.   They have gone through Academic Advising, Concentration and Specialization Briefings, Math Camp, taken a campus tour guided by their Peer Advisers and already had a few opportunities to network and meet their peers at the Welcome Reception, Socials and planned dinners and lunches.   Theyll finish the week with opportunities to understand and access various Columbia University resources from the Writing Center, Public Safety, Career Services, Health Services, Financial Aid, and CU Arts.   But before they start classes on Tuesday, theyll kick off the weekend (and think happy thoughts) with SIPA student groups, SIPA alumni, faculty, administrators, and staff at the closing reception.   Fun times! To read about what members of the newest class had to say on their first day, you can visit our website at, http://new.sipa.columbia.edu/news-center/article/sipa-welcomes-mia-mpa-class-of-2015.

The Legal Definition Of Reasonable - 1332 Words

To begin with, this essay intend to talk about some legal definitions, since what REASONABLE exactly doesn’t possess the same meaning under different circumstances. Though, not all of these definitions would be mentioned in the following content of this essay. The legal definition of reasonable [1] is 1. Being in accordance with reason, fairness, duty, or prudence 2. Of an appropriate degree or kind 3. Supported of justified by fact or circumstance-A reasonable belief force was necessary for self-defence. 4. COMMERCIALLY REASONABLE The word, REASONABLE, is less frequently mentioned in various laws as initially predicted. But actually, REASONABLE indeed play an essential role in various articles and acts. REASONABLE would simultaneously†¦show more content†¦In the following articles, the word, REASONABLE, show up less frequently. But in the article 60, it has been mentioned again. In this article, the word is bound with â€Å"diagnosis and treatment† and correspond party is â€Å"medical staff†. And in accordance with this article, in the case of an emergency such as rescue of a patient in critical condition, if the previous two conditions are also fulfilled, a medical institution shall not assume the compensatory liability. As has been mentioned above, with such a condition, the reasonable measure taken by medical staff can meet the third legal definition,† supported of justified by fact or circumstance†. It is because that the treatment may be not omnipotent but actually pret ty limited due to the current medical technology level and the actual physical condition of patients. At the same time, if the medical institution didn t take enough reasonable measure to handle with the patients, they would be blamed and asked to fulfil the compensatory liability for the harm caused to the patient. Similarly, the word, REASONABLE, is to simultaneously protect the rights and benefits of patients and medical institution. But thereShow MoreRelatedNational Resource Council993 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Essay: Chevron USA v. National Resources Defense Council Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council was a case in which the United Supreme Court set forth the legal test for determining whether to grant deference to a government agency’s interpretation of a statute which it administers. Chevron is the Court’s clearest articulation of the doctrine of â€Å"administrative deference†. The Court itself has used the phrase â€Å"Chevron deference† in more recent cases. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977Read MoreIn This Paper, The Topic Being Discussed Is How Technological1591 Words   |  7 Pagesat court and was submitted as evidence. What Olmstead was arguing, was whether or not the evidence submitted legal evidence? The court decided that the evidence that was obtained was legal evidence. The reason they said it was legal evidence was because Olmsted was not made illegally to have that conversation or say those things that incriminated him. The evidence was also deemed as legal evidence because the wiretappings did not trespass into the basement rather they were placed on lines that wereRead MoreTheories Of Probable Cause, Reasonable Suspicion, And Proof Beyond A Reasonable Doubt1432 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts of probable cause, reasonable suspicion, and proof beyond a reasonable doubt, by trying to link the topic that this learner selected which was a Juveniles Right to Counsel. If this learners topic does not have relate to these discussion , and alternate case will be revived to address the topic. But before this learner discusses the sections of this discussion, this learner thinks we can understand what will be discussed if we know the definition of probable cause, reasonable suspicion, and proofRead MoreReasonable Suspicion : An Effective Suspicion Of A Person Or An Event?852 Words   |  4 Pages Reasonable doubt is something that is derived from probable suspicion of a person or an event in different cases. People are forced to act in a certain way and their actions are justified if they have reasonable suspicion. It is really important that for reasonable suspicion that the person you are doubtful of shows some sort of suspicious behavior or attitude that justifies the doubt. A person who is doing something based on reasonable suspicion need to have some gathered facts that supportRead MoreCases Based Off Civil Wrongs Are Known As Torts1042 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In the American legal system, cases based off civil wrongs are known as Torts. These cases have multiple variances of descriptions which help to determine the exact element of each tort. This document will focus on negligence. A complete definition will be provided, followed a personal first hand experience. The concluding summary will be a brief overview of the information provided. Please note, the personal account does not include a complete litigation process. Only a descriptionRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesAmendment of the Constitution, all fifty states must license and recognize a marriage between two people of the same gender. This is a significant change in the history of the United States, and supporters of the case honor the five judges in their reasonable, impartial, and progressive opinions. Regardless of the common religious and moral arguments with same-sex marriage, this decision presents significant social issues. In fact, four members of the Supreme Court held dissenting votes against the majorityRead MoreShc 34 1.1 1.2770 Words   |  4 PagesWorkshop 2 Assignment 1 SHC 34 1.1,1.2 Definition of â€Å"Duty of Care† Duty of care is a legal term and this is a definition from a legal dictionary. Duty of care n: A requirement, that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would. If a persons actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligentRead MoreThe Law Of Succession Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pageswhich consist of the pre-enactment jurisprudence on succession in polygamous marriages, particularly where such marriages were held to be void for want of capacity on the part of the husbands who had contracted previous marriages. In so doing, the legal framework upon which the courts relied will be discussed and illustrated by case law for a better understanding of the rationale behind the enactment of the legislation. 2.2 Relevant Concepts 2.2.1 Family The phrase ‘family’ lies at the base of matrimonialRead MoreConstitution Law, Reasonable Suspicion V Probable Cause1517 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract: Pertaining to the differences between probable cause and reasonable suspicion within law enforcement can determine the difference between a legal search and seizure and police officers obtaining evidence in an illegal manner. Officers need to handle each situation when probable cause and reasonable suspicion is involved. Determining what is reasonable and what is not takes great skill, perseverance, comprehension of the law, and an innate intuitivenessRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagescolour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. This provision is monumental in Canadian history as it is a step in treating everyone as equal and attempting to prevent discrimination from occurring. The movement towards equality and legal backing to anti-discrimination lead to the creation of the duty to accommodate faced by businesses, school, other public entities, etc. The goal of accommodation is to ensure a level playing field to allow everyone to have equal opportunity as well

Un-Answered Problems With Online Research Paper Writercustom Written Research Paper Exposed

Un-Answered Problems With Online Research Paper Writercustom Written Research Paper Exposed Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Online Research Paper Writercustom Written Research Paper Therefore, you can feel sure your paper is going to be custom written by means of an expert with appropriate qualification. Also, whenever your sample document is finished, it'll be reviewed by our highly trained editorial staff. In summary, it's always recommended to order custom research paper services. Introduction The introduction's primary objective is to introduce the research paper. The Start of Online Research Paper Writercustom Written Research Paper It is important to understand that you shouldn't just select a topic and start looking for information. So, now you understand what you want to be searching for if you want to buy custom research paper online. 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Comparative Politics Uk and Us Free Essays

At base, a congress and a parliament seem to be very similar things the legislative branches of the majority of the world’s democracies which are filled with popularly elected men and women who come together to decide the legislative issues of their home nation. However, despite the initial impression of sameness, the two are very different in two key areas: how one is elected to the body and what one does once elected. The difference can begin to be seen in the origins of the words. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Politics: Uk and Us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Congress is based on an ancient Latin word meaning â€Å"a coming together,† which is precisely what happens in a congress representatives from all the parts of a nation coming together to discuss matters of state. Parliament, however, has its roots in a French word meaning â€Å"To talk,† and there certainly is a great deal of talking going on in any parliament. In fact, this simple linguistic difference leads one to the chief difference in the election process. A congress is based upon primary elections in which the general populace selects their candidates more based upon their personalities and individual plans for office, while in a parliament, the delegates are chosen to run by their own political parties based almost entirely on their willingness to follow party standards. While party certainly comes into play in any congress, the individual really does mean more in elections to that body. And it is that sense of individuality that leads to the second main difference between the two. In a parliamentary government, the Prime Minister and his cabinet (The leaders of the nation) are chosen from the majority party in the country’s parliament. Thus, if the members of that party begin voting against their party’s ideals in the body, the entire government can come apart, forcing an election of a new Prime Minister. With this in place, many parties very carefully restrict the freedoms of their delegates to ensure the safety of their Prime Ministers. In a congress, however, the executive branch is entirely separate from the legislative, allowing the members to vote freely based on the wishes of their constituents and own consciences, with no fear of doing permanent harm to government itself. Their increased individual power leads to many interesting phenomena, not the least of which being that they receive a much larger salary than parliamentary delegates individual congressmen are simply more important. And thus do the two differ from one another in many ways, making each a great deal more than a simple collection of delegates arguing about issues of state. How to cite Comparative Politics: Uk and Us, Papers

Scholarship Essay - Desire To Become A Scientist Essays

Scholarship Essay - Desire to become a Scientist Ever since I could remember, I have always wanted to become a scientist. That craving to understand the mysteries of the universe has been one of the most passionate desires of mine since I was a toddler. I can still recall laying in my bed, staring at the ceiling, and wondering why some people had crooked teeth while others didn't. The question ?How always echoed within my thoughts. When I entered school, science and mathematics quickly became one of my most favored subjects. In my mind, they were the most logical and precise. The answers they provided were based on fact, not human intuition. As I matured, I grew to enjoy the systematic mechanics of the human body. Within months, I knew without a doubt that I wanted to enter college with the intention of graduating with a Ph.D. in genetics. It is my hope that with such a degree, I would be able to pursue a career in medical research. I would like to have that chance of contributing in a cure for the common cold, or maybe some of the most troubling viruses which inundate our society today. Unfortunately, such an ambition requires money to achieve. Finances are a strong factor in my family, and I realize that my college choices need to revolve around a simple fact: Can I afford it? My mother has provided for my private school education since I entered kindergarten. With each passing year, it becomes harder and harder to continue providing for this kind of education. My mother, who currently works two jobs that could often extend beyond fourteen hours a day, sacrifices a number of luxuries just so that I could finish my thirteenth year in private school. My younger brother is currently attending public school with the hope of transferring into a private school once finances can accommodate it. These are the sacrifices that they make for me; I acknowledge this fully. Though my mother intends to continue paying for my education, I know very well that this is close to impossible. With graduation closely approaching, I know that I will need to assist her in financing for college. It is my hope that with this scholarship, I can do just that. I would like to give my mother the chance to relieve her stress of finances and allow my brother to have the opportunity of receiving the kind of education that I was lucky to have. Though my desire to continue my education is a strong reason for this scholarship, my wish to ease my family's responsibilities for my education is even stronger.

French Accent Homographs

French Accent Homographs You may not realize it, but French accents have a purpose. While some accents just signify that an S used to follow that vowel in Old French (e.g., à ©tudiant used to be spelled estudiant), most French accents indicate the correct pronunciation of the letter they modify. In addition, there are dozens of French word pairs which are spelled (though not always pronounced) the same other than accents. To avoid confusion, you should always distinguish between these words by using the correct accents. Note: It is grammatically acceptable to leave accents off capital letters. However, since missing accents may cause confusion in pronunciation and meaning and are technically spelling mistakes, I feel that one should always write with accents. a - third person singular of avoir (to have) - (preposition) to, at, inacre - acreà ¢cre - (adjective) acrid, pungentà ¢ge - ageà ¢gà © - (adjective) oldaie - first person singular subjunctive and second person singular imperative of avoiraà ¯e - (interjection) oucharrià ©rà © - (adjective) overdue, backward; (noun) backlog, arrearsarrià ¨re - back, stern, rear, aftbronze - bronze objectbronzà © - past participle of bronzer (to tan, bronze)à §a - (indefinite demonstrative pronoun) that, ità § et l - here and therecolle - gluecollà © - past participle of coller (to glue)congres - eelscongrà ¨s - conference, congresscote - quotation, quoted value, ratingcotà © - highly thought of / rated (past participle of cà ´ter)cà ´te - rib, slope, coastlinecà ´tà © - sidecrà ªpe - crepe (thin pancake), crepe papercrà ªpà © - past participle of crà ªper (to backcomb, crimp)cure - cure, treatmentcurà © - priest; past participle of curer (to clean out)de - (preposition) of, fr omdà © - thimble, diedes - (indefinite article, partitive article) some; contraction of de lesdà ¨s - (preposition) fromdiffà ©rent - differentdiffà ¨rent - third person plural conjugation of diffà ©rer (to differ)du - contraction of de ledà » - past participle of devoir (to have to)-e vs à ©At the end of -er verbs, the accent is the difference between the first and third person singular present tense and the past participle-e - à ©tudie, parle, visite-à © - à ©tudià ©, parlà ©, visità ©entre - (preposition) betweenentrà © - past participle of entrer (to enter)es - second person singular of à ªtre (to be)à ¨s - contraction of en lesà ªtes - second person plural of à ªtreà ©tà ©s - summerseut - third person singular passà © simple of avoireà »t - third person singular imperfect subjunctive of avoirferme - farmfermà © - past participle of fermer (to close)fut - third person singular passà © simple of à ªtrefà »t - third person singular imperfect subjuncti ve of à ªtre gà ¨ne - genegà ªne - trouble, bother, embarrassmentgà ªnà © - (adjective) short of, embarrassed; past participle of gà ªner (to bother) grade - rank, degreegradà © - officerhaler - to haul inhà ¢ler - to tanillustre - illustrious, renownedillustrà © - illustratedinfecte - (fem adjective) revolting, filthy, obnoxiousinfectà © - infected, contaminatedinterne (adj) internal, inner; (noun) boarder, interninternà © - inmate (of a mental hospital), internee (politics)jeune - (adjective) youngjeà »ne - fastingjuge - judgejugà © - past participle of juger (to judge)la - (definite article) the; (direct object pronoun) her, itl - (adverb) therelevà © - survey; past participle of lever (to lift, raise)là ¨ve - first and third person singular of lever (applies to many stem-changing verbs)liquide - liquidliquidà © - past participle of liquider (to settle, pay; to liquidate, sell off; [inf] to finish off)mais - (conjunction) butmaà ¯s - cornmarche - walking, step, stairmarchà © - market; past participle of marcher (to walk, march; to work)masse - massmassà © - past participle of masser (to assemble, mass, group)mat - checkmate; (adjective) matte, dullmà ¢t - mast, polemater - to subdue; (familiar) to ogle; to caulk; (familiar noun) mom, mummà ¢ter - to mastmà ©mà © - (baby talk) grannymà ªme - (adverb) samemeuble - piece of furnituremeublà © - (adjective) furnishedmodelà © - contours, relief; past participle of modeler (to model, shape, style, mold)modà ¨le - model, designmur - wallmà »r - (adjective) ripenotre - (possessive adjective) ournà ´tre - (possessive pronoun) oursnuance - shade, hue, slight difference, nuancenuancà © - (adjective) qualified, balanced, nuanced; past participle of nuancer (to shade, qualify, nuance)ou - (conjunction) oroà ¹ - (adverb) wherepà ¢te - pastry, paste; pà ¢tes - pastpà ¢tà © - pà ¢tà ©pà ©chà © - past participle of pà ©cherpà ªche - peach, fishingpà ©cher - to sinpà ªcher - to fishpà ©cheur - sinnerpà ªcheur - fishermanprà ªte - (feminine adjective) readyprà ªtà © - past participle of prà ªter (to lend)rate - spleenratà © - past participle of rater (to fail, miss)relà ¢che - rest, respiterelà ¢chà © - loose, laxreste - rest, leftoverrestà © - past participle of rester (to stay)retraite - retreat, retirementretraità © - retired person; past participle of retraiter (to reprocess)rot - belch, burprà ´t - (archaic) roastroue - wheelrouà © - (adj) cunning, sly; un rouà © - cunning/sly person; past participle of rouer (to beat/thrash)roule - first and third person singular of rouler (to wheel/roll along)roulà © - curved, rolledsale - dirtysalà © - saltysinistre (adj) gloomy, sinister; (m noun) accident, disaster, damagesinistrà © (adj) stricken, devastated; (m noun) disaster victimsublime - sublimesublimà © - sublimatedsuicide - act of suicidesuicidà © - victim of suicidesur - (preposition) onsà »r - (adjective) suretache - mark, spot, staintà ¢che - taskvalide - able-bodied, fit, validvalidà © - validatedvide - emptyvidà © - worn out; past participle of vider (to empty; to wear out)votre - (poss essive adjective) yourvà ´tre - (possessive pronoun) yours

Justice in the American South From Atticus Finch

Justice in the American South From Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the hero and principal  character of both of American writer Harper Lees novels, the beloved classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), and the achingly painful Go Set a Watchmen (2015). In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus is a strong, fully developed character:  a man of principle who is willing to risk his life and his career in the pursuit of justice for wrongly accused Tom Robinson. Atticus cares deeply about the rights of individuals regardless of race, making him an important role model for his daughter, Scout, from whose perspective the novel is written. To Kill a Mockingbirds Atticus is one of the best-known and most beloved father figures in American literature. Atticus Finch Quotes on Justice You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view....Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. The one thing that doesnt abide by majority rule is a persons conscience.   Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinsons skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. You know the truth, and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women- black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire. â€Å"But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal- there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest JP court in the land, or this honorable court which you serve. Our courts have their faults as does any human institution, but in this country, our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts, all men are created equal.† As you grow older, youll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something, and dont you forget it- whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash. Courage Courage is not a man with a gun in his hand. Its knowing youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Mrs. Dubose won, all ninety-eight pounds of her. According to her views, she died beholden to nothing and nobody. She was the bravest person I ever knew.† Best way to clear the air is to have it all out in the open.   â€Å"You just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybody says to you, don’t you let ‘em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change.† Raising Children When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness sake. But dont make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion faster than adults, and evasion simply muddles em. â€Å"Are you proud of yourself tonight that you have insulted a total stranger whose circumstances you know nothing about?† â€Å"Theres a lot of ugly things in this world, son. I wish I could keep em all away from you. Thats never possible.† Its never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you how poor that person is, it doesnt hurt you. Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit em, but remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird.† Quotes About Atticus Finch in  Go Set a Watchman The best and most ringing quotations from Go Set a Watchman are not those of Atticus, but rather about him, particularly words from his brother, Uncle Jack Finch. Jack Finch is instrumental in making the young adult Scout, Jean Louise, recognize that although her father is not the perfect saint she remembered from her childhood, he is still a fair man. Go Set a Watchman is a hard read for those of us who loved the ideal Atticus in To Kill a Mockingbird, but understanding the history of the novel explains why she couldnt write another word. She had written an ideal man of justice in the American South, and she knew that wasnt a perfect thing to be. Both novels define and describe Harper Lees coming of age. â€Å"Every man’s island, Jean Louise, every man’s watchman, is his conscience. There is no such thing as a collective conscious.† The Souths in its last agonizing birth pain. Its bringing forth something new and Im not sure I like it, but I wont be here to see it. You will. Men like me and my brother are obsolete and weve got to go, but its a pity well carry with us the meaningful things of this society- there were some good things in it. â€Å"As you grew up, when you were grown, totally unknown to yourself, you confused your father with God. You never saw him as a man with a man’s heart, and a man’s failings- I’ll grant you, it may have been hard to see, he makes so few mistakes, but he makes ’em like all of us.† The law is what he lives by. Hell do his best to prevent someone from beating up somebody else, then hell turn around and try to stop no less than the Federal governmentjust like you, child.   You turned and tackled no less than your own tin god. But remember this, hell always do it by the letter and by the spirit of the law. Thats the way he lives.

A Whisper in the Dark by Louisia May Alcott Essay

A Whisper in the Dark by Louisia May Alcott - Essay Example The different components of a literary piece can be conveyed to support the themes represented in the short story. Louisa May Alcott is an American novelist in the 1800s who explores the wealth of her period through presentation of the said scenario in the literary works that she had accomplished. The short story is about an heiress who had been orphaned and was left in the cared of her uncle. The character that is her uncle reflected and expressed the Gothic conflicts of the story. It revolves in the plans and betrayals undertaken by her uncle. Aside from the suspense and thrills incorporated in the short story, the element of romance can be observed between Sybil and her cousin Guy. The title can be based on the message that is sent to her by her mother who had been known dead though the truth is that she had been in a mental institution. As compared to other stories of suspense, greed and value of wealth and money can be considered as the main element of importance presented by th e antagonist in the story. Based on form and content of the short story, it can be considered of standards short story structure of Gothic romance representation. The belief in woman’s independence in terms of the decisions made can be observed which can be considered related to the author’s belief in the capabilities of the women and their rights in the society. This can be attributed to her other writings which discuss and showcase the woman as the main character and in the story the narrator. Although this is the case, the representation of Alcott in the character of Sybil can be considered as a traditional female protagonist who in most cases is overwhelmed and driven by her emotions. Based on the composition of the character of Sybil, the author had been able to capture the conflicts and struggles of woman not only of her era but through history. One side is the one seeking independence which is exhibited when Sybil

The letter to Julia from Gregory Williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The letter to Julia from Gregory Williams - Essay Example Sadly, you too, Julia, experienced the same thing when you came to the United States from the Dominican Republic. Your race and your economic status changed once your family stepped foot in New York. Where once you were members of a privileged class who employed servants and enjoyed a good life you then became a racial outsider dependent on other's perceptions. In your younger years, you found it was easier to be considered white than to be defined as some sort of racial anomaly and your family encouraged this with their ideals of beauty being defined by light-colored skin and blonde hair. Even when you were applying for jobs after graduation from college, it was not your educational background that was noted but your ethnicity. James also went through the pain of realizing he was "different" due to his mixed-race parents and found that while he had a hard time defining his own color, others were not so particular. When his minister was asked why Jesus was portrayed as white, he coul d not come up with a good answer that would make sense to a young man of mixed ethnicity. This lack of clear racial identity is on thing that seems to have changed little since I wrote my book. Even though it is now more acceptable that two people of different races marry and produce children, a stigma is still applied even by those with extensive education and community contacts. During my formative years, there were so many avenues closed to a person of color. It was more than disheartening to learn I was not eligible to win an academic achievement prize in the Indiana elementary school based purely on the color of my skin. Back then, "the prize did not go to Negroes. Just like in Louisville, there were things and places for whites only" (Williams, 126). We were not considered to be suitable matches for white women nor were we welcome at sporting events. I was horrified to be screamed at after attending a basketball game, "Niggers go home!" (Williams, 220). Surely in your times, this would not be tolerated! Even the ability to play basketball, the sport of which today is filled with people of color, was beyond my reach as my coach so aptly demonstrated by cutting me from the varsity team in favor of a white player with less skill. Today, people of mixed race are allowed to hold high-end jobs and receive the same education as others. You were both afforded professional opportunities that were closed to me. Through your writing voices, both of you have managed to become icons for all people now considered bi-racial and American citizens are listening to you. You have managed to reach the rest of America who might also feel the same as you did in regards to an ill-defined identity and slowly break away the barriers separating one race from another. There is a whole new category of race that now that did not exist when I was growing up. No one referred to my family and I as "bi-racial". One drop of colored blood in a person meant that he was Black and there were no other

The Data Inscription Standard Computer Science Essay

The Data Inscription Standard Computer Science Essay Whenever data is exchanged electronically many times the privacy of the data is a required. Encryption is used to restrict unintended recipients from viewing the data, which are deemed confidential and potentially dangerous if made known to irresponsible parties. In other word, encryption is the procedure of transforming plain text data that can be read by anyone to cipher text data that can only be read by someone with a secret decryption key.A message before being changed in any way is called plain text. Plain text messages are converted to ciphertext via some encryption method. An enryption method is called a cryptosystem. In 1972, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), a part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, initiated a program to develop standards for the protection of computer data. The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology (ICST), one of the major operating units of the National Bureau of Standards, had been recently established in response to a 1965 federal law known as the Brooks Act (PL89-306) that required new standards for improving utilization of computers by the federal government. Computer security had been identified by an ICST study as one of the high-priority areas requiring standards if computers were to be effectively used. A set of guidelines and standards were defined by the ICST that were to be developed as resources became available in computer security. The guidelines were to include areas such as physical security, risk management, contingency planning, and security auditing. Guidelines were adequate in areas not requiring interoperability among various computers. St andards were required in areas such as encryption, personal authentication, access control, secure data stor-age, and transmission because they could affect interoperability. Standards can be divided into different sections: basic, interoperability, interface, and implementation. 1. Basic standards (also called 4standards of good practice) are used to specify generic functions (services, methods, results) required to achieve a certain set of common goals. Examples include standards for purity of chemicals, contents of food products, and in the computer field, structured programming practices. 2. Interoperability standards specify functions and formats so that data transmitted from one computer can be properly acted on when received by another computer.The implementation (hardware, firmware, software) or structure (integrated, isolated, interfaced layers) need not be specified in interoperability standards, since there is no intent of replacing one implementation or structure within a system with another. 3. Interface standards specify not only the function and format of data crossing the interface, but also include physical, electrical, and logical specifications sufficient to replace one implementation (device, program, component) on either side of the interface with another. 4. Implementation standards not only specify the interfaces, functions, and formats, but also the structure and the method of implementation. These may be necessary to assure that secondary characteristics such as speed, reliability, physical security, etc. also meet certain needs. Such standards are often used to permit component replacement in an overall system. Services or Applications The basic DES algorithm can be used for both data encryption and data authentication. 1. Data Encryption: It is easy to see how the DES may be used to encrypt a 64-bit plaintext input to a 64-bit cipher text output, but data are seldom limited to 64 bits. In order to use DES in a variety of cryptographic applications, four modes of operation were developed: electronic codebook (ECB); cipher feedback (CFB); cipher block chaining (CBC); and output feedback (OFB) [26] (Figs. 1-4). Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages. ECB is excellent for encrypting keys; CFB is typically used for encrypting individual characters; and OFB is often used for encrypting satellite communications. Both CBC and CFB can be used to authenticate data. These modes of operation permit the use of DES for interactive terminal to host encryption, crypto-graphic key encryption for automated key management applications, file encryption, mail encryption, satellite data encryption, and other applications. In fact, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to find a cryptographic application where the DES cannot be applied. Figure 1: Electronic codebook (ECB) mode. Figure2: Cipher block chaining (CBC) mode. History of encryption In its earliest form, people have been attempting to conceal certain information that they wanted to keep to their own possession by substituting parts of the information with symbols, numbers and pictures. Ancient Babylonian merchants used intaglio, a piece of flat stone carved into a collage of images and some writing to identify themselves in trading transactions. Using this mechanism, they are producing what today we know as digital signature. The public knew that a particular signature belonged to this trader, but only he had the intaglio to produce that signature. Of course, technology today has evolved at such rapid pace that the need to protect information grows with the lessening reliability of older encryption techniques. Basic modern encryption is not much different from the ancient civilisations substitution using symbols. Translation table, lends itself very well in making a piece of data generally unreadable. However computers today are much too advanced that translation table is easily broken and thus no longer viable. Instead encryption today has grown into such specialised field that involve mathematical, non-linear cryptosystem that even a relatively powerful computers take months or even years to break the ciphertext. The origins of DES go back to the early 1970s. In 1972, after concluding a study on the US governments computer security needs, the US standards body NBS (National Bureau of Standards) now named NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) identified a need for a government-wide standard for encrypting unclassified, sensitive information.[1] Accordingly, on 15 May 1973, after consulting with the NSA, NBS solicited proposals for a cipher that would meet rigorous design criteria. None of the submissions, however, turned out to be suitable. A second request was issued on 27 August 1974. This time, IBM submitted a candidate which was deemed acceptable a cipher developed during the period 1973-1974 based on an earlier algorithm, Horst Feistels Lucifer cipher. The team at IBM involved in cipher design and analysis included Feistel, Walter Tuchman, Don Coppersmith, Alan Konheim, Carl Meyer, Mike Matyas, Roy Adler, Edna Grossman, Bill Notz, Lynn Smith, and Bryant Tuckerman. NSAs involvement in the design On 17 March 1975, the proposed DES was published in the Federal Register. Public comments were requested, and in the following year two open workshops were held to discuss the proposed standard. There was some criticism from various parties, including from public-key cryptography pioneers Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie, citing a shortened key length and the mysterious S-boxes as evidence of improper interference from the NSA. The suspicion was that the algorithm had been covertly weakened by the intelligence agency so that they but no-one else could easily read encrypted messages.[2] Alan Konheim (one of the designers of DES) commented, We sent the S-boxes off to Washington. They came back and were all different.[3] The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reviewed the NSAs actions to determine whether there had been any improper involvement. In the unclassified summary of their findings, published in 1978, the Committee wrote: In the development of DES, NSA convinced IBM that a reduced key size was sufficient; indirectly assisted in the development of the S-box structures; and certified that the final DES algorithm was, to the best of their knowledge, free from any statistical or mathematical weakness.[4] However, it also found that NSA did not tamper with the design of the algorithm in any way. IBM invented and designed the algorithm, made all pertinent decisions regarding it, and concurred that the agreed upon key size was more than adequate for all commercial applications for which the DES was intended.[5] Another member of the DES team, Walter Tuchman, stated We developed the DES algorithm entirely within IBM using IBMers. The NSA did not dictate a single wire![6] In contrast, a declassified NSA book on cryptologic history states: In 1973 NBS solicited private industry for a data encryption standard (DES). The first offerings were disappointing, so NSA began working on its own algorithm. Then Howard Rosenblum, deputy director for research and engineering, discovered that Walter Tuchman of IBM was working on a modification to Lucifer for general use. NSA gave Tuchman a clearance and brought him in to work jointly with the Agency on his Lucifer modification.[7]and NSA worked closely with IBM to strengthen the algorithm against all except brute force attacks and to strengthen substitution tables, called S-boxes. Conversely, NSA tried to convince IBM to reduce the length of the key from 64 to 48 bits. Ultimately they compromised on a 56-bit key.[8] Some of the suspicions about hidden weaknesses in the S-boxes were allayed in 1990, with the independent discovery and open publication by Eli Biham and Adi Shamir of differential cryptanalysis, a general method for breaking block ciphers. The S-boxes of DES were much more resistant to the attack than if they had been chosen at random, strongly suggesting that IBM knew about the technique in the 1970s. This was indeed the case; in 1994, Don Coppersmith published some of the original design criteria for the S-boxes.[9] According to Steven Levy, IBM Watson researchers discovered differential cryptanalytic attacks in 1974 and were asked by the NSA to keep the technique secret.[10] Coppersmith explains IBMs secrecy decision by saying, that was because [differential cryptanalysis] can be a very powerful tool, used against many schemes, and there was concern that such information in the public domain could adversely affect national security. Levy quotes Walter Tuchman: [t]he asked us to st amp all our documents confidential We actually put a number on each one and locked them up in safes, because they were considered U.S. government classified. They said do it. So I did it. Bruce Schneier observed that It took the academic community two decades to figure out that the NSA tweaks actually improved the security of DES. Encryption Now a Days Industrial espionage among highly competitive businesses often requires that extensive security measures be put into place. And, those who wish to exercise their personal freedom, outside of the oppressive nature of governments, may also wish to encrypt certain information to avoid legalities that entailed possession of such. With respect to the Internet, there are many types of data and messages that people would want to be kept secret. Now that commercial trading on the Net is a reality, one of the main targets of data encryption is credit card numbers. Other information that could otherwise benefit or educate a group or individual can also be used against such groups or individuals. Security Problems That Encryption Does Not Solve While there are many good reasons to encrypt data, there are many reasons not to encrypt data. Encryption does not solve all security problems, and may make some problems worse. The following sections describe some misconceptions about encryption of stored data: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Principle 1: Encryption Does Not Solve Access Control Problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Principle 2: Encryption Does Not Protect Against a Malicious Database Administrator à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Principle 3: Encrypting Everything Does Not Make Data Secure Principle 1: Encryption Does Not Solve Access Control Problems Most organizations must limit data access to users who must see this data. For example, a human resources system may limit employees to viewing only their own employment records, while allowing managers of employees to see the employment records of subordinates. Human resource specialists may also need to see employee records for multiple employees. Typically, you can use access control mechanisms to address security policies that limit data access to those with a need to see it. Oracle Database has provided strong, independently evaluated access control mechanisms for many years. It enables access control enforcement to a fine level of granularity through Virtual Private Database. Because human resource records are considered sensitive information, it is tempting to think that all information should be encrypted for better security. However, encryption cannot enforce granular access control, and it may hinder data access. For example, an employee, his manager, and a human resources clerk may all need to access an employee record. If all employee data is encrypted, then all three must be able to access the data in unencrypted form. Therefore, the employee, the manager and the human resources clerk would have to share the same encryption key to decrypt the data. Encryption would, therefore, not provide any additional security in the sense of better access control, and the encryption might hinder the proper or efficient functioning of the application. An additional issue is that it is difficult to securely transmit and share encryption keys among multiple users of a system. A basic principle behind encrypting stored data is that it must not interfere with access control. For example, a user who has the SELECT privilege on emp should not be limited by the encryption mechanism from seeing all the data he is otherwise allowed to see. Similarly, there is little benefit to encrypting part of a table with one key and part of a table with another key if users must see all encrypted data in the table. In this case, encryption adds to the overhead of decrypting the data before users can read it. If access controls are implemented well, then encryption adds little additional security within the database itself. A user who has privileges to access data within the database has no more nor any less privileges as a result of encryption. Therefore, you should never use encryption to solve access control problems. Principle 2: Encryption Does Not Protect Against a Malicious Database Administrator Some organizations, concerned that a malicious user might gain elevated (database administrator) privileges by guessing a password, like the idea of encrypting stored data to protect against this threat. However, the correct solution to this problem is to protect the database administrator account, and to change default passwords for other privileged accounts. The easiest way to break into a database is by using a default password for a privileged account that an administrator allowed to remain unchanged. One example is SYS/CHANGE_ON_INSTALL. While there are many destructive things a malicious user can do to a database after gaining the DBA privilege, encryption will not protect against many of them. Examples include corrupting or deleting data, exporting user data to the file system to e-mail the data back to himself to run a password cracker on it, and so on. Some organizations are concerned that database administrators, typically having all privileges, are able to see all data in the database. These organizations feel that the database administrators should administer the database, but should not be able to see the data that the database contains. Some organizations are also concerned about concentrating so much privilege in one person, and would prefer to partition the DBA function, or enforce two-person access rules. It is tempting to think that encrypting all data (or significant amounts of data) will solve these problems, but there are better ways to protect against these threats. For example, Oracle Database supports limited partitioning of DBA privileges. Oracle Database provides native support for SYSDBA and SYSOPER users. SYSDBA has all privileges, but SYSOPER has a limited privilege set (such as startup and shutdown of the database). Furthermore, you can create smaller roles encompassing several system privileges. A jr_dba role might not include all system privileges, but only those appropriate to a junior database administrator (such as CREATE TABLE, CREATE USER, and so on). Oracle Database also enables auditing the actions taken by SYS (or SYS-privileged users) and storing that audit trail in a secure operating system location. Using this model, a separate auditor who has root privileges on the operating system can audit all actions by SYS, enabling the auditor to hold all database administrators accountable for their actions. See Auditing SYS Administrative Users for information about ways to audit database administrators. You can also fine-tune the access and control that database administrators have by using Oracle Database Vault. See Oracle Database Vault Administrators Guide for more information. The database administrator function is a trusted position. Even organizations with the most sensitive data, such as intelligence agencies, do not typically partition the database administrator function. Instead, they manage their database administrators strongly, because it is a position of trust. Periodic auditing can help to uncover inappropriate activities. Encryption of stored data must not interfere with the administration of the database, because otherwise, larger security issues can result. For example, if by encrypting data you corrupt the data, then you create a security problem, the data itself cannot be interpreted, and it may not be recoverable. You can use encryption to limit the ability of a database administrator or other privileged user to see data in the database. However, it is not a substitute for managing the database administrator privileges properly, or for controlling the use of powerful system privileges. If untrustworthy users have significant privileges, then they can pose multiple threats to an organization, some of them far more significant than viewing unencrypted credit card numbers. Principle 3: Encrypting Everything Does Not Make Data Secure A common error is to think that if encrypting some data strengthens security, then encrypting everything makes all data secure. As the discussion of the previous two principles illustrates, encryption does not address access control issues well, and it is important that encryption not interfere with normal access controls. Furthermore, encrypting an entire production database means that all data must be decrypted to be read, updated, or deleted. Encryption is inherently a performance-intensive operation; encrypting all data will significantly affect performance. Availability is a key aspect of security. If encrypting data makes data unavailable, or adversely affects availability by reducing performance, then encrypting everything will create a new security problem. Availability is also adversely affected by the database being inaccessible when encryption keys are changed, as good security practices require on a regular basis. When the keys are to be changed, the database is inaccessible while data is decrypted and re-encrypted with a new key or keys. There may be advantages to encrypting data stored off-line. For example, an organization may store backups for a period of 6 months to a year off-line, in a remote location. Of course, the first line of protection is to secure the facility storing the data, by establishing physical access controls. Encrypting this data before it is stored may provide additional benefits. Because it is not being accessed on-line, performance need not be a consideration. While an Oracle database does not provide this capability, there are vendors who provide encryption services. Before embarking on large-scale encryption of backup data, organizations considering this approach should thoroughly test the process. It is essential to verify that data encrypted before off-line storage can be decrypted and re-imported successfully. Advantages EFS technology makes it so that files encrypted by one user cannot be opened by another user if the latter does not possess appropriate permissions. After encryption is activated, the file remains encrypted in any storage location on the disk, regardless of where it is moved. Encryption is can be used on any files, including executables. The user with permission to decrypt a file is able to work with the file like with any other, without experiencing any restrictions or difficulties. Meanwhile, other users receive a restricted access notification when they attempt to access the EFS encrypted file. This approach is definitely very convenient. The user gets the opportunity to reliably and quickly (using standard means) limit access to confidential information for other household members or colleagues who also use the computer. EFS seems like an all-around winning tool, but this is not the case. Data encrypted using this technology can be entirely lost, for example during operating system reinstallation. We should remember that the files on disk are encrypted using the FEK (File Encryption Key), which is stored in their attributes. FEK is encrypted using the master key, which in turn is encrypted using the respective keys of the system users with access to the file. The user keys themselves are encrypted with the users password hashes, and the password hashes use the SYSKEY security feature. This chain of encryption, according to EFS developers, should reliably protect data, but in practice, as explained below, the protection can be ultimately reduced to the good old login-pass-word combination. Thanks to this encryption chain, if the password is lost or reset, or if the operating system fails or is reinstalled, it becomes impossible to gain access to the EFS-encrypted files on the drive. In fact, access can be lost irreversibly. Regular users do not fully understand how EFS works and often pay for it when they lose their data. Microsoft has issued EFS documentation that explains how it works and the main issues that may be encountered when encrypting, but these are difficult for regular users to understand, and few read the documentation before starting to work. Data Encryption Challenges In cases where encryption can provide additional security, there are some associated technical challenges, as described in the following sections: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encrypting Indexed Data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Generating Encryption Keys à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transmitting Encryption Keys à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Storing Encryption Keys à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Changing Encryption Keys à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encrypting Binary Large Objects Encrypting Indexed Data Special difficulties arise when encrypted data is indexed. For example, suppose a company uses a national identity number, such as the U.S. Social Security number (SSN), as the employee number for its employees. The company considers employee numbers to be sensitive data, and, therefore, wants to encrypt data in the employee_number column of the employees table. Because employee_number contains unique values, the database designers want to have an index on it for better performance. However, if DBMS_CRYPTO or the DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT (or another mechanism) is used to encrypt data in a column, then an index on that column will also contain encrypted values. Although an index can be used for equality checking (for example, SELECT * FROM emp WHERE employee_number = 987654321), if the index on that column contains encrypted values, then the index is essentially unusable for any other purpose. You should not encrypt indexed data. Oracle recommends that you do not use national identity numbers as unique IDs. Instead, use the CREATE SEQUENCE statement to generate unique identity numbers. Reasons to avoid using national identity numbers are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are privacy issues associated with overuse of national identity numbers (for example, identity theft). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sometimes national identity numbers can have duplicates, as with U.S. Social Security numbers. Generating Encryption Keys Encrypted data is only as secure as the key used for encrypting it. An encryption key must be securely generated using secure cryptographic key generation. Oracle Database provides support for secure random number generation, with the RANDOMBYTES function of DBMS_CRYPTO. (This function replaces the capabilities provided by the GetKey procedure of the earlier DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT.) DBMS_CRYPTO calls the secure random number generator (RNG) previously certified by RSA Security. Note: Do not use the DBMS_RANDOM package. The DBMS_RANDOM package generates pseudo-random numbers, which, as Randomness Recommendations for Security (RFC-1750) states that using pseudo-random processes to generate secret quantities can result in pseudo-security. Be sure to provide the correct number of bytes when you encrypt a key value. For example, you must provide a 16-byte key for the ENCRYPT_AES128 encryption algorithm. Transmitting Encryption Keys If the encryption key is to be passed by the application to the database, then you must encrypt it. Otherwise, an intruder could get access to the key as it is being transmitted. Network encryption, such as that provided by Oracle Advanced Security, protects all data in transit from modification or interception, including cryptographic keys. Storing Encryption Keys Storing encryption keys is one of the most important, yet difficult, aspects of encryption. To recover data encrypted with a symmetric key, the key must be accessible to an authorized application or user seeking to decrypt the data. At the same time, the key must be inaccessible to someone who is maliciously trying to access encrypted data that he is not supposed to see. The options available to a developer are: Storing the Encryption Keys in the Database Storing the Encryption Keys in the Operating System Users Managing Their Own Encryption Keys Using Transparent Database Encryption and Table space Encryption Storing the Encryption Keys in the Database Storing the keys in the database cannot always provide infallible security if you are trying to protect against the database administrator accessing encrypted data. An all-privileged database administrator could still access tables containing encryption keys. However, it can often provide good security against the casual curious user or against someone compromising the database file on the operating system. As a trivial example, suppose you create a table (EMP) that contains employee data. You want to encrypt the employee Social Security number (SSN) stored in one of the columns. You could encrypt employee SSN using a key that is stored in a separate column. However, anyone with SELECT access on the entire table could retrieve the encryption key and decrypt the matching SSN. While this encryption scheme seems easily defeated, with a little more effort you can create a solution that is much harder to break. For example, you could encrypt the SSN using a technique that performs some additional data transformation on the employee_number before using it to encrypt the SSN. This technique might be as simple as using an XOR operation on the employee_number and the birth date of the employee to determine the validity of the values. As additional protection, PL/SQL source code performing encryption can be wrapped, (using the WRAP utility) which obfuscates (scrambles) the code. The WRAP utility processes an input SQL file and obfuscates the PL/SQL units in it. For example, the following command uses the keymanage.sql file as the input: wrap iname=/mydir/keymanage.sql A developer can subsequently have a function in the package call the DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT with the key contained in the wrapped package. Oracle Database enables you to obfuscate dynamically generated PL/SQL code. The DBMS_DDL package contains two subprograms that allow you to obfuscate dynamically generated PL/SQL program units. For example, the following block uses the DBMS_DDL.CREATE_WRAPPED procedure to wrap dynamically generated PL/SQL code. BEGIN SYS.DBMS_DDL.CREATE_WRAPPED (function_returning_PLSQL_code()); END; While wrapping is not unbreakable, it makes it harder for an intruder to get access to the encryption key. Even in cases where a different key is supplied for each encrypted data value, you should not embed the key value within a package. Instead, wrap the package that performs the key management (that is, data transformation or padding). An alternative to wrapping the data is to have a separate table in which to store the encryption key and to envelope the call to the keys table with a procedure. The key table can be joined to the data table using a primary key to foreign key relationship. For example, employee_number is the primary key in the employees table that stores employee information and the encrypted SSN. The employee_number column is a foreign key to the ssn_keys table that stores the encryption keys for the employee SSN. The key stored in the ssn_keys table can also be transformed before use (by using an XOR operation), so the key itself is not stored unencrypted. If you wrap the procedure, then that can hide the way in which the keys are transformed before use. The strengths of this approach are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Users who have direct table access cannot see the sensitive data unencrypted, nor can they retrieve the keys to decrypt the data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access to decrypted data can be controlled through a procedure that selects the encrypted data, retrieves the decryption key from the key table, and transforms it before it can be used to decrypt the data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The data transformation algorithm is hidden from casual snooping by wrapping the procedure, which obfuscates the procedure code. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SELECT access to both the data table and the keys table does not guarantee that the user with this access can decrypt the data, because the key is transformed before use. The weakness to this approach is that a user who has SELECT access to both the key table and the data table, and who can derive the key transformation algorithm, can break the encryption scheme. The preceding approach is not infallible, but it is adequate to protect against easy retrieval of sensitive information stored in clear text. Storing the Encryption Keys in the Operating System Storing keys in a flat file in the operating system is another option. Oracle Database enables you to make callouts from PL/SQL, which you could use to retrieve encryption keys. However, if you store keys in the operating system and make callouts to it, then your data is only as secure as the protection on the operating system. If your primary security concern is that the database can be broken into from the operating system, then storing the keys in the operating system makes it easier for an intruder to retrieve encrypted data than storing the keys in the database itself. Users Managing Their Own Encryption Keys Using Transparent Database Encryption and Table space Encryption Transparent database encryption and table space encryption provide secu

Case Brief Santa Fe Independent Essay

Facts: In Santa Fe, Texas, students were elected by their classmates to give pre-game prayers at high school football games over the loud speaker that were mainly Christian. A Catholic and a Mormon family felt this was a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution. The school district has always done pre-game invocations before each game however while the case was pending the school district changed their policy, still permitting student led prayer but not requiring them as they were before. The District Court ordered that only nonsectarian and nonproselytizing prayers could be given. When the case went to The Court of Appeals, they found that the policy was still invalid. The district filed a writ of certioran claiming the new policy was not a violation of the Establishment Clauses because they could be considered a private student speech because they were no longer required at all home games and they were not a public speech. Issue: Does a prayer delivered by a student over a loud speaker violate the Establishment Clause? Holding: In a 6-3 decision, the Court ruled that the prayers given by students over the loud speaker doe violate the Establishment Clause Reasoning: The Court reasoned with the facts that a prayers given at the football field or any sporting event were not private speeches that were authorized by government policy on government grounds during school events that are funded by the government. As the student is giving the prayer there is no open forum as would be the case during public speeches. Without this in place, prayers before sporting events are not considered to be public speeches but are considered to be sponsored by the school. The new policy the school had to elect students to be the spokespersons to deliver the prayers was also criticized, leading the justices to believe the school was still controlling the process.

Tracing My Career Path as An IT Contractor - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 831 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Career Path Essay Did you like this example? Once I complete my college education, I plan to seek a career opportunity as an IT contractor. This decision stems from my observation and detailed research of the fast pace with which the IT world is creating lucrative job opportunities for contingent workers. For example, a recent report by TEKsystems indicates that 26 percent of managers in the IT sector was projected to increase the headcount of contingent professionals during the last six months of 2017 (Bednarz). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tracing My Career Path as An IT Contractor" essay for you Create order As an IT contractor, I intend to contribute niche skills to various teams, secure my financial security through savings and investments, and be part of a network of professionals with valuable insights for the future. In the words of Jason Hayman, a TEKsystems’ manager in market research, â€Å"the current environment for IT workers is one of opportunity, as unemployment remains low and demand continues to rise† (Bednarz). At a time when unemployment is on the rise in many industries, Hayman’s analysis is of great motivation for me as I look forward to filling a gap in the provision of IT skills to the industry players who often prefer contractors. In order to maximize my opportunities for growth in the IT profession, I will avoid complex projects in the early stages of my career and progress gradually as I gain more experience. Although I expect to enhance my IT skills and knowledge through rigorous training and working with those with established careers in the field, I will choose contract rates and projects that will allow me to grow at my own pace. Moreover, contractors enjoy great flexibility in terms of their choice of work, the companies they work for, and what they consider as reasonable compensation (Keeble). Therefore, I will maximize this flexibility to ensure that I deliver the highest standards of service as I become more marketable among the clients. According to Ken Rubin, an IT consultant at High Road Data in Orange County, â€Å"I like the freedom and flexibility to set my own schedule† (Bednarz). Indeed, this is one of the most attractive aspects of working as a contractor. However, there is no job security, paid vacations, and retirement benefits that one should expect to enjoy as full-time employees do. In this regard, I will secure my financial stability by having a culture of saving and investing my income in different long-term ventures such as real estate and government bonds. As an IT contractor, I expect to make earnings of between $60 and $80 per hour. Despite such an attractive package, the workflow is not guaranteed because companies seek the services of contractors depending on workloads, the urgency of a project, and the need to get key expertise or skills. Therefore, I will develop personal discipline when it comes to the management of my income because I will be responsible for my healthcare needs, payment of taxes, vacations, and financial security after retirement. These are huge responsibilities that I intend to prioritize so that I can get maximum benefits from my profession. Working as an IT contractor will also require a strong initiative for personal and professional growth because there is no employer to organize training programs, seminars, or workshops on my behalf. Furthermore, I will be my own boss. Therefore, I will take advantage of the flexible working hours to not only market myself to potential clients, but also enroll for further studies or improvement courses whenever necessary. By so doing, I will tap into the current IT knowledge and opportunities since my choice for further training will be informed by a strict analysis of the skills that I need to progress in my career. In other words, I will expand my knowledge based on the relevance and the potential to improve service delivery to clients. In order to be fully committed to professional excellence and to maintain the momentum of continuous improvement, I will be part of a network of professionals with similar interests. Moreover, the IT profession is highly dynamic and one must be a team player in order to overcome the challenges of this profession, especially when working as a contractor. Without being part of a team of professions, career progression can be much slower because contracting depends a lot on knowing people and establishing good relationships with them. One of the most important benefits that I shall derive from being part of a network of professionals is the opportunity to market myself. It is important to appreciate that I may not be trained in marketing by the time I begin my career as an IT contractor. Even when I eventually get this training, I will still need the business network because that is where professionals meet, discuss, and learn how to grow as a team through referrals. Therefore, I will prioritize my membership to the appropriate group of IT professionals so as to increase my prospects for contracts. At the same time, I will seek to develop my own marketing skills by enrolling for the relevant training in IT contractor marketing.

Portrayal of Utopia in The Tempest by William Shakespeare...

Utopia in The Tempest In The Tempest, Shakespeare allows the audience to appreciate the possibilities of utopian society, the good, and bad, so that they can understand the problems that the pursuit of a utopian environment may cause. The Tempest is a window into the dimensions of utopian societies. Shakespeares play portrays the good and the evil sides of the perfect life. While his characters take on the role of the leaders of the utopian societies, Shakespeare portrays the social questions and beliefs of society of how a utopian environment should be. Essential to the discussion of this aspect of The Tempest is the definition of a Utopia. For different characters this utopia means different things. First of†¦show more content†¦His evil intentions and deceitful gain of power were what people of that time would have labeled a dystopia, the opposite of a utopia. Mirandas utopia is a very naive one. All her life she has been isolated on the island seeing no-one but her father and Caliban, and therefore upon seeing other beings is amazed and overcome by her new discovery. Her role in the play, along with Ferdinand is to unite enemies (Prospero Alonso), and this links in to Ferdinands utopia which represents true love (as it has passed Prosperos tests). Ferdinand therefore finds a utopia on the island, because in marrying Miranda his life changes, for the better. In meeting Miranda he also therefore plays a major role in Mirandas utopia. Alonsos utopia is revealed at the end of the play as he wants freedom from guilt, freedom from his past sins. He also wishes to play a more involved role within his family. Therefore his utopia is one of goodness and again shows he has found a utopia on the island, as his personality has totally changed. This also contributes to Miranda finding a utopia as it shows her the power of repentance. Prosperos utopia lies in his desire to be free from the stage as he requests at the end in his epilogue, release me from my bands with the help of your good hands. However Prospero is unable to escape responsibility as he has control over the whole island, which is why it is he who requests the audiences applause atShow MoreRelated Portrayal of Utopia in The Tempest Essay example1652 Words   |  7 PagesPortrayal of Utopia in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Tempest, Shakespeare allows the audience to appreciate the possibilities of utopian society and whatever this may posses.   Being the good, and bad so that they can see that problems can arise in such a society. The Tempest can be thus seen as a window into the dimensions of utopian societies. While his characters take on the role of the leaders of the utopian societies, Shakespeare uses his creation to portray the social questions and beliefsRead More Conflict and Harmony in The Tempest Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Harmony in The Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare describes a utopic world saturated with supernatural images and ideas which works to create the mysterious island where The Tempest takes place.   This is one of Shakespeares best examples of how a natural harmony reveals itself through the actions of discourse and confusion.   To illustrate this idea best one must examine the historical context upon which The Tempest is based.   Because this play was published in the early 1600sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 Pagesstand alone, frequently including elements from other influences. William Shakespeare’s tragicomedy The Tempest (c:1611) is a play that uses intertextuality to enhance ideas about natural order. Banished to an island, Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, conjures up a tempest that brings him his usurping brother, Antonio in an attempt to restore his Dukedom. The play’s amalgamation of tragicomedy and the pastoral genre allows Shakespeare to warn his audience about unbalance, criticising the lavish lifestyle